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Research methods: connect claims, sources and decisions

Traceability is not measured by the number of files. It comes from explicit connections: a claim to its locator, an analytical choice to its record, and a reported result to its material. These twenty working guides provide distinct templates and checks for that chain.

20 individually edited guidesSources checked 11 September 2026

Capture literature so it remains usable

A source becomes workable when bibliographic identity, exact locator, content and intended use are recorded separately. A literature matrix compares texts; a source log preserves the path from one passage into later prose. Notes need context because an isolated sentence can lose its condition or qualification.

Control citation scope and independent wording

A citation should let a reader identify which proposition it supports. Position, sentence structure and the required citation style interact. Several references in one sentence help only when each contribution is clear. A paraphrase is not independent because words were swapped; it must reconstruct meaning, qualification and relation accurately.

Protect citation chains and literature selection

A secondary reference is a route, not proof that the original says what is claimed. Follow a citation chain as far as access and purpose reasonably permit, then record where and why it stops. Prior selection criteria reduce the risk that a review quietly favours an expected answer. Criteria can change, but the date and rationale belong in the log.

Describe methods and qualitative decisions reproducibly

A methods section should let a knowledgeable reader understand the decision chain. Record material, timing, tool, version, parameters and justified departures at a proportionate level. A coding guide joins definition, example, counterexample and borderline case. Disagreement between coders is information about the guide, not merely a number to remove.

Handle sensitive materials and complete the final reconciliation

Anonymisation is a risk assessment, not a search-and-replace exercise. Direct and indirect identifiers combine, while a change log must not re-expose identity. For questionnaires and scales, distinguish origin, version, adaptation, rights and actual use. Before submission, a citation inventory reconciles prose and bibliography; the final check sets stop conditions for unresolved high-risk items.

A minimum evidence thread

  1. Name one claim or decision precisely.
  2. Connect it to a source, material or rule with a stable locator.
  3. Record your transformation or departure with date and reason.
  4. Leave limits, privacy constraints and inaccessible evidence visible.
  5. Before submission, test the route back from prose to origin.
Boundary: These are cross-disciplinary working aids. Obtain citation formats, method standards, ethics and privacy requirements from the original rules governing the project.

Foundations

  1. Crossref metadata and DOI documentation.
  2. DFG Code of Conduct for Safeguarding Good Research Practice.